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Refer to the insecticide label for specific use instructions, dosages, and timing. Table 1 lists herbicides that can be used in Christmas tree cultivation. Pesticide data presented in this study provide reference levels for future pesticide monitoring programs in the region. Primarily balsam fir but also Fraser fir, white fir and spruces. Herbicides were the predominant pesticides detected in the agricultural sites and insecticides were predominant in the urban sites. For pesticides that were detected above 1 ng L −1 concentration the only exception to this was desethylatrazine that showed greater concentration in groundwater (2.2 ng L −1) than surface water (1.5 ng L −1). Generally, a pesticide with a high groundwater concentration tended to also have a high surface water concentration (Simazine 29 ng L −1 in groundwater and 58 ng L −1 in surface water, atrazine 5.5 ng L −1 in groundwater and 14 ng L −1 in surface water). Pesticide levels in surface and groundwater were compared in the Abbotsford area. All concentrations of pesticides detected in groundwater samples were below Canadian surface water quality criteria and below available drinking water quality criteria set by World Health Organization (WHO), Health Canada, USEPA, and the European Union (EU). The maximum single pesticide concentration observed was for simazine (90 ng L −1) at one of the agricultural sites. Growers need magnifying glasses when they inspect their trees for the balsam woolly. Overall 24 different pesticides were detected in the sites monitored. the Fraser River Delta of British Columbia (BC), Canada tested positive for residues of the organophosphorus insecticide, phorate. Biologically rational pest control materials, or biorationals, such as insecticidal soaps and horticultural oils, were tested from 1985 to 1987 in Ohio. Fraser firs grow tall and majestic, but their two worst enemies are tiny. Samples were collected and analyzed from one reference, nine agricultural, one urban, and three urban-agriculture mixed sites. During the period 2003 to 2005 a study was conducted to determine the occurrence and spatial distribution of 78 pesticides in the groundwater of the LFV. Pest management surveys of growers have documented that pesticides have been reduced by almost 75 from 2000 through 2013. In Part II pesticide levels in the groundwater of the LFV are presented. Fraser Fir IPM is Working in NC The good news is that growers are adapting IPM and reducing pesticide use in NC Fraser fir Christmas trees. The balsam woolly adelgid (BWA) is a seri-ous pest of true firs, Abies spp., and annually kills thousands of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri Pursh.) in the Southern Appalachians. Contains 1,2-benzisothiazolin -3-one at 0. In Part I of this work we presented pesticide levels in the surface waters of the Lower Fraser Valley (LFV) region of British Columbia, Canada. Keywords: Adelges picea, Fraser fir, Abies fraseri, insecticides, insecticidal screening, field bio-assay. For control of certain insects on listed fruit, vegetable and field crops, in Field grown Balsam fir and Fraser fir, including Christmas Trees, and Conifer Seed Orchards COMMERCIAL.